# Exercise 2.3 Polynomials NCERT Solutions Class 9

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## Chapter 2 Ex.2.3 Question 1

Find the remainder when \begin{align}x^{3}+3 x^{2}+3 x+1\end{align} is divided by

(i) \begin{align} x+1 \end{align}

(ii) \begin{align} x-\frac{1}{2}\end{align}

(iii) \begin{align} x\end{align}

(iv) \begin{align} x+\pi\end{align}

(v)  \begin{align}5+2 x \end{align}

### Solution

Reasoning:

Let $$p(x)$$ be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and let a be any real number. If a polynomial $$p(x)$$ is divided by \begin{align}x-a\end{align} then the remainder is $$p(a).$$

Steps:

\begin{align}\text{Let}\;\;p(x)=x^{3}+3 x^{2}+3 x+1\end{align}

(i) The root of $$x+1 = 0$$ is $$-1$$

\begin{align} p(-1) &=(-1)^{3}+3(-1)^{2}+3(-1)+1 \\ &=-1+3-3+1=0 \end{align}

Hence by the remainder theorem, $$0$$ is the remainder when \begin{align} x^{3}+3 x^{2}+3 x+1\end{align} is divided by $$x+1.$$ We can also say that $$x+1$$ is a factor of \begin{align}x^{3}+3 x^{2}+3 x+1\end{align} .

(ii) The root of \begin{align}x-\frac{1}{2}=0 \text { is } \frac{1}{2}\end{align}

\begin{align} p\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) &=\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{3}+3\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2}+3\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)+1 \\ &=\frac{1}{8}+\frac{3}{4}+\frac{3}{2}+1 \\ &=\frac{1+6+12+8}{8}=\frac{27}{8} \end{align}

Hence by the remainder theorem, \begin{align}\frac{27}{8}\end{align} is the remainder when \begin{align} x^{3}+3 x^{2}+3 x+1\end{align} is divided by \begin{align}x-\frac{1}{2}\end{align}

(iii) The root of \begin{align}x=0 \text { is } 0\end{align}

\begin{align} p(0)&=(0)^{3}+3(0)^{2}+3(0)+1 \\ &=0+0-0+1 \\ &=1 \end{align}

Hence by the remainder theorem, $$1$$ is the remainder when \begin{align} x^{3}+3 x^{2}+3 x+1 \end{align} is divided by $$x .$$

(iv)The root of \begin{align}x+\pi=0 \text { is }-\pi \end{align}

\begin{align} p(-\pi) &=(-\pi)^{3}+3(-\pi)^{2}+3(-\pi)+1 \\ &=-\pi^{3}+3 \pi^{2}-3 \pi+1 \end{align}

Hence by the remainder theorem, \begin{align} -\pi^{3}+3 \pi^{2}-3 \pi+1\end{align}  is the remainder when \begin{align}x^{3}+3 x^{2}+3 x+1\end{align} is divided by \begin{align}x+\pi\end{align} .

(v) The root of \begin{align}5+2 x=0 \text { is } \frac{-5}{2}\end{align}

\begin{align}{p\left( {\frac{{ - 5}}{2}} \right)}&{ = \,\,\left[ \begin{array}{l}{\left( {\frac{{ - 5}}{2}} \right)^3} + 3{\left( {\frac{{ - 5}}{2}} \right)^2}+\\ 3\left( {\frac{{ - 5}}{2}} \right) + 1\end{array} \right]}\\&{ = \frac{{ - 125}}{8} + \frac{{75}}{4} + \frac{{ - 15}}{2} + 1}\\&{ = \frac{{ - 125 + 150 - 60 + 8}}{8}}\\&{ = \frac{{ - 185 + 158}}{8}}\\&{ = \frac{{ - 27}}{8}}\end{align}

Hence by remainder theorem, \begin{align}\frac{-27}{8}\end{align} is the remainder when \begin{align}x^{3}+3 x^{2}+3 x+1\end{align} is divided by \begin{align}5+2 x\end{align} .

## Chapter 2 Ex.2.3 Question 2

Find the remainder when \begin{align}x^{3}-a x^{2}+6 x-a\end{align} is divided by $$x - a.$$

### Solution

Reasoning:

Let $$p(x)$$ be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and let $$a$$ be any real number. If a polynomial $$p(x)$$ is divided by \begin{align}x-a\end{align} then the remainder is $$p(a).$$

Steps:

Let \begin{align}p(x)=x^{3}-a x^{2}+6 x-a\end{align}

The root of $$x-a = 0$$ is $$a.$$

\begin{align} p(a) &=(a)^{3}-a(a)^{2}+6(a)-a \\ &=a^{3}-a^{3}+5 a \\ &=5 a \end{align}

Hence by remainder theorem, \begin{align}5 a\end{align} is the remainder when \begin{align}x^{3}-a x^{2}+6 x-a\end{align}  is divided by $$x - a.$$

## Chapter 2 Ex.2.3 Question 3

Check whether $$7 + 3x$$ is a factor of \begin{align}p(x)=3 x^{3}+7 x\end{align} .

### Solution

Reasoning:

When a polynomial $$p (x)$$ is divided by $$x-a$$ and by the remainder theorem if $$p(a) = 0$$ then $$x – a$$ is a factor of $$p(x).$$

Steps:

Let \begin{align}p(x)=3 x^{3}+7 x\end{align}

The root of \begin{align}7+3 x=0 \text { is } \frac{-7}{3}\end{align}

\begin{align} p\left(\frac{-7}{3}\right) &=3\left(\frac{-7}{3}\right)^{3}+7\left(\frac{-7}{3}\right) \\ &=\frac{3 \times(-343)}{27}+\frac{-49}{3} \\ &=\frac{-343-147}{9} \\ &=\frac{-490}{9} \neq 0 \end{align}

Since the remainder of \begin{align}p\left(\frac{-7}{3}\right) \neq 0,7+3 x\end{align} is not a factor of  \begin{align}3 x^{3}+7 x\end{align}

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